The thyroid gland, located to the front part of the neck, makes thyroid hormones and releases them into the bloodstream to be used by the body. Thyroid hormones play a vital role in regulating the body's metabolism. Thyroid hormones control how the body uses energy, affect the rate at which cells and tissues function, and influence numerous physiological processes, including heart rate, body temperature, and energy expenditure.

Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

The thyroid can be overactive, releasing too much thyroid hormone (called hyperthyroidism) or underactive, releasing too little thyroid hormone (called hypothyroidism). Hyperthyroidism can lead to symptoms like a rapid heart rate, anxiety, and weight loss. Hypothyroidism can lead to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's and Graves' disease are common causes of thyroid dysfunction. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are diagnosed and monitored with blood tests. Hypothyroidism is usually treated by replacing the thyroid hormone with medication. Hyperthyroidism is treated in a variety of ways, including medication or sometimes partial or total removal of the Thyroid gland.

Thyroid nodules are another common thyroid condition. Depending on the size and appearance, some thyroid nodules can be monitored with an ultrasound every year or every couple of years. Nodules that are large or have suspicious characteristics seen on an ultrasound usually require a biopsy done with a very small needle.